Bone Density Test: Principles, Clinical Applications, Interpretation, and Advances in Osteoporosis Management
Bone density tests measure bone mineral content to assess the risk of osteoporosis and fractures. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) is the standard method, providing precise measurements at the spine, hip, and forearm. Bone density testing is recommended for postmenopausal women, older adults, individuals with risk factors such as low body
weight, long-term corticosteroid use, or family history of fractures.
Results guide clinical decisions including lifestyle interventions, calcium and vitamin D supplementation, and pharmacologic treatments such as bisphosphonates, hormone therapy, or selective estrogen receptor modulators. Repeat testing monitors treatment efficacy and disease progression. Emerging innovations include high-resolution peripheral quantitative CT, ultrasound-based assessments, and AI-assisted analysis for early detection of bone loss.
Preventive strategies combined with testing, including nutrition, weight-bearing exercise, fall prevention, and risk assessment, improve skeletal health and reduce fracture incidence. Patient education and adherence to management plans are critical for effective outcomes.
